The Arduino Nano is an open-source breadboard-friendly microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor.
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip family produced by Espressif Systems in Shanghai, China. It is available in various configurations ESP-01s(1Mb Flash, 16Mhz Clock), ESP-12E ( 32Mb Flash 160Mhz clock, ext. antenna ), ESP-12F( 32Mb Flash, 160Mhz clock) The very low price and the fact that there are very few external components on the module have kept the costs low, being available from as little as €1 for the ESP-01 from Aliexpress , this has attracted many hobbiest to dabble with them. It boasts a 32bit RISC processor and also has 3 power saving modes making it ideal for security projects The ESP8285 is a similar chip with a built-in 1 MiB flash memory but does not seem to be available any more. Although these microcontroller chips have been succeeded by the ESP32 family of devices, they are still very usable.
Boasting many more features than it's predicesor, the ESP32-WROOM modules are based on the Xtensa duel core 32bit LX6 microprocessor. It operates at 160 or 240Mhz and contains a low power co-processor. Most have integrated PSRAM of upto 8Mb and 4Mb of flash memory. There are 44 GPIO pins, WiFi 2.4GHz g/b/n Bluetooth 5(LE) and 2 twelve bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels.
The STM32 family of 32-bit microcontrollers based on the Arm Cortex®-M processor is designed to offer new degrees of freedom to MCU users. It offers products combining very high performance, real-time capabilities, digital signal processing, low-power / low-voltage operation, and connectivity, while maintaining full integration and ease of development. The unparalleled range of STM32 microcontrollers, based on an industry-standard core, comes with a vast choice of tools and software to support project development, making this family of products ideal for both small projects and end-to-end platforms.
The high-performance, low-power Microchip 8-bit AVR® RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 54/69 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for boundary-scan and on-chip debugging/programming, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a universal serial interface (USI) with start condition detector, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.